Facts:
The appellant along with his three partners was the owner of a factory named Carbon Dry Colour Works. This factory was involved in the manufacture of paints and varnish. The factory was licensed by the Bombay Municipality in the year 1953 to manufacture paints involving a cold process and was located at 79/81 Jail Road, Dongri. The factory was also licensed to store 455 liters of turpentine, 455 liters of varnish, and 14000 gallons of paint. The appellant was the manager and working partner. He converted the factory from the cold process of manufacturing dry paints; to a process of manufacturing wet paints by heating. For that purpose, four burners were used to melt rosin or bitumen by heating them in barrels; over the burners and adding turpentine thereto after the temperature cooled down to a certain degree.
On April 20, 1962, this process was going on in the factory which had no license for manufacturing wet paints through heating. Hatim Tasduq was the person looking after the operation. According to him, the rosin was melted on one burner and lime was added. The whole thing was boiled for half an hour. Thereafter the burner was extinguished and the barrel in which the rosin was melted was allowed to cool. This began at about 4 p.m. The barrel in which the rosin was being melted; was about 4 1/2 feet high and after the temperature comes down to a certain level; turpentine was added in the barrel to prepare Black Japan.
Hatim Tasduq took a drum of 5 gallons of turpentine which was poured into the barrel. As turpentine was being poured, the mixture began frothing, and to keep down the froth the whole thing is stirred all the time. One man helped Hatim Tasduq in this operation. On April 20, 1962, rosin was, melted and the barrel was allowed to cool from 4 p.m. At about 5 p.m. Hatim started pouring turpentine into the barrel. It may be mentioned that 5 p.m. is the closing time and the process of pouring turpentine started just about that. As soon as Hatim started pouring turpentine the mixture began to froth.
Hatim was unable to stir as according to him his assistant had gone some distance. He could not give the drum of turpentine to him so that he might stir the mixture. The result was that froth overflowed out of the barrel and because of heat, varnish and turpentine. This were stored at a short distance, caught fire. Seven men were working in a loft which can be reached by a ladder and where manufactured paint was stored.
The material in the premises being of combustible nature, the fire spread rapidly. Those who were working on the ground-floor managed to get out with burns only. But those who were working in the loft could not get out in time with the result that; all seven of them were burnt to death. The fire brigade was sent for, but in view of the combustible nature of the material stored; it took 2 1/2 hours to bring the fire under control. After the fire was controlled, bodies of four workmen were recovered the same night. Next morning two more bodies were recovered and in the afternoon one more body was found.
Thus seven of the workmen lost their lives while seven other workmen suffered burns. They were sent to the hospital where they were treated as indoor patients. It may be mentioned that the appellant was not present on the premises; when the fire took place, though he came there as soon as he was informed about the accident.
Originally the other three partners were also prosecuted but the Magistrate acquitted them. As the appellant was the managing partner and was directly in charge of work in the factory. On these facts, the appellant was convicted under Section 304-A and Section 285 of the Indian Penal Code. It is the correctness of that conviction that is being assailed in the present appeal. The appellant appealed to the High Court but his appeal was summarily dismissed. His application for leave to appeal to Bombay High Court having been refused. He came to the Supreme Court for appeal by special leave against the judgment of the High Court.
Issues
- Whether the Appellant is liable for negligence and should be convicted; under Section 304 A and Section 285 of Indian Penal Code, 1860.
- Whether the appellant should be granted the special leave by an appeal against the judgment passed by Bombay High Court.
Rule of Law
- Section 304 A of Indian Penal Code: Causing death by negligence.—Whoever causes the death of any person by doing any rash or negligent act not amounting to culpable homicide. This shall be punished with imprisonment of either description; for a term which may extend to two years, or with fine, or with both.
- Section 285 of Indian Penal Code: Negligent conduct concerning fire or combustible matter.—Whoever does, with fire or any combustible matter, any act so rashly or negligently as to endanger human life, or to be likely to cause hurt or injury to any other person, or knowingly or negligently omits to take such order with any fire or any combustible matter in his possession as is sufficient to guard against any probable danger to human life from such fire or combustible matter, shall be punished with imprisonment of either description for a term which may extend to six months, or with fine which may extend to one thousand rupees, or with both.
Analysis
In the present case, the main contention of the appellant was that he was not present; when the fire broke out resulting in the death of seven workmen by burning and it cannot. Therefore, be said that he caused the death of these seven persons; by doing any rash or negligent act. The view taken by the Magistrate on the other hand which appears to have been accepted by the High Court was that as the appellant allowed the manufacture of wet paints in the same room where varnish and turpentine were stored and the fire resulted because of the proximity of the burners to the stored varnish and turpentine, he must be held responsible for the death of the seven workmen who were burnt in the fire.
The Supreme Court was however of opinion that this view of the Magistrate is not correct. The mere fact that the appellant allowed the burners to be used in the same room; in which varnish and turpentine were stored. Even though it might be a negligent act, would not be enough to make the appellant responsible for the fire which broke out.
The cause of the fire was not merely the presence of burners in the room. In which varnish and turpentine were stored, though this circumstance was indirectly responsible for the fire which broke out. But what Section 304-A requires is causing of death by doing- any rash or negligent act; and this means that death must be the direct or proximate result of the rash or negligent act. It appears that the direct or proximate cause of the fire; which resulted in seven deaths was the act of Hatim.
The Court stated that it was clear that Hatim was apparently in a hurry. Therefore, he did not perhaps allow the rosin to cool, down sufficiently, and poured turpentine too quickly. The evidence of the expert is that the process of adding turpentine to melted rosin is hazardous and the proportion of froth would depend upon the quantity of turpentine added. The expert also stated that if turpentine is not slowly added to bitumen. Also not rosin before it is cooled down to a certain temperature, such fire is likely to break out. It seems, therefore, that as turpentine was being added at about closing time. Hatim was not as careful as he should have been; and probably did not wait sufficiently for bitumen or rosin to cool down and added turpentine too quickly.
The expert also stated that bitumen or rosin melts at 300 degrees F. If turpentine is added at that temperature, it will catch fire. The flashpoint of turpentine varies from 76 to 110 degrees F. Therefore, the cooling must be brought down, according to the expert, to below 76 degrees F to avoid fire.
In any case, even if that is not done, turpentine has to be added slowly so that there may not be too much frothing. Therefore, the fire broke out because bitumen or rosin was not allowed to cool down sufficiently. Turpentine was added too quickly in view of the fact that the process was performed at closing time. It is the negligence of Hatim which was the direct or proximate cause of the fire breaking out, though the fact. That burners were kept in the same room in which turpentine and varnish were stored. It was indirectly responsible for the fire breaking out and spreading so quickly.
Even so, so that a person may be guilty under Section 304-A the rash or negligent act; should be the direct or proximate cause of the death. In the present case, it was Hatim’s act which was the direct and proximate cause of the fire breaking out; with the consequence that seven persons wore burnt to death; the act of the appellant in allowing turpentine; and varnish being stored at a short distance was only an indirect factor in the breaking out of the fire.
The Court referred to the Case of Emperor v. Omkar[1], in which Sir Lawrence Jenkins observed the following while interpreting Section 304 A:
“To impose criminal liability under Section 304-A, Indian Penal Code, it is necessary that the death should have been the direct result of a rash and negligent act of the accused, and that act must be the proximate and efficient cause without the intervention of another’s negligence. It must be the causa causams; it is not enough that it may have been the causa sine qua non.”
This view has been generally followed by High Courts in India and the Supreme Court in the present case was of the opinion that; this is the right view to take of the meaning of Section 304-A. Therefore the mere fact that the fire would not have taken place if the appellant had not allowed burners to be put in the same room in which turpentine and varnish were stored, would not be enough to make him liable under Section 304-A, for the fire would not have taken place, with the result that seven persons were burnt to death, without the negligence of Hatim.
The death, in this case, was not directly the result of a rash or negligent act on the part of the appellant and; was not the proximate and efficient cause without the intervention of another’s negligence. Therefore the Court concluded that the appellant must be acquitted of the offense under Section 304-A.
The question is whether the appellant on the facts which have been proved knowingly or negligently omitted to take such order with fire or combustible matter in his possession as was sufficient to guard against probable danger to human life from such fire or combustible matter. In this connection, the Apex Court referred to the fact that the appellant did not have a license for manufacturing wet paints and, therefore, when he allowed wet paints to be manufactured in the circumstances which have been proved, he must be held to have knowingly acted in a manner in which he should not have done. There was a map on the record which shows that four burners were in one corner while turpentine and varnish were in another corner of the same room, and the distance between the burners and the stores was about 8 or 10 feet.
The license for storage given to the appellant contained general and special conditions. One of the general conditions was that “the licensee shall not use or permit to be used any portion of the licensed premises for dwelling or cooking purposes and no fire shall be lighted therein other than what is authorized”. The articles stored being combustible, this general condition was imposed on the appellant and he had no business to light any fire in the room where stores were kept unless he was authorized to do so. There is no proof that he was authorized to light any fire in that room; and therefore he acted in breach of the general condition of the license which forbade him from lighting any fire in the room where varnish and turpentine were stored.
Therefore it can be taken that when the general condition says that no fire would be lighted except what is authorized, the intention must have been that the municipal committee will take necessary steps to see that the fire would be sufficiently guarded if lighted in the same room, so that there may not be any outbreak of fire. The Supreme Court observed that the appellant acted against this general condition of the license and must be held to have knowingly, or at any rate negligently, omitted to take such order with any fire or any combustible matter in his possession as was required.
Further, the special conditions for keeping turpentine and varnish and paints require that “no smoking, light or fire in any form shall be permitted at any time” in the room in which paints, turpentine and varnish are kept or even in any premises licensed for storage unless, in the case of a light, such light be duly protected and on no account be naked. The appellant committed a breach of this special condition also in allowing the lighting of four burners in the same room without taking any precaution for duly protecting the fire and even allowed it to be naked. The Court, therefore, held that the appellant negligently or knowingly omitted to take proper order with the fire or combustible matter in his possession.
The contention on behalf of the appellant, however, was that even if he may have negligently or knowingly omitted to take proper order with the fire or combustible matter in his possession it cannot be said that his omission to take proper order was such as was insufficient to guard against any probable danger to human life. What was urged was that his not taking precautions may result in possible danger to human life but it cannot be said that this omission was such as would result in probable danger to human life. In particular, it is urged that this method of work had been going on for some years and no fire had broken out and this shows that though there may have been a possible danger to human life from such fire or combustible matter there was no probable danger. The Court denied to accept this contention.
The fact that there was no fire earlier in this room even though the process had been going on for some years is not a criterion for determining whether the omission was such as would result in probable danger to human life. It has already been pointed out that four burners were in one corner of the room and the combustible matter was in another corner of the same room and there was only a distance of 8 or 10 feet between the two. The burners were lighted against the general as well as the special conditions of the license for storage granted to the appellant.
The proximity of naked fire to the stores of turpentine and varnish. If in our opinion always a matter of probable danger to human life, namely, the life of the persons working in the room. This was particularly so with respect to turpentine which has a low flash point i. e. 76 degrees F to 110 degrees F.
The use of naked fire could inconceivable circumstances. Even raise the temperature of the room itself above the flashpoint of turpentine and if; the turpentine ever happened to be exposed it might easily catch fire. There was always a probable danger to human life by the appellant negligently or knowingly omitting to take proper care in the matter of the four burners and turpentine and varnish, His action in allowing burners to be lighted in the room without any safeguard did amount to omission to take such order with fire and combustible matter as would be sufficient to guard against probable danger to human life.
It can only be said that it was lucky that fire had not broken out earlier. But there can be no doubt that the omission of the appellant to take proper care with burners in particular. When such combustible matter as turpentine in large quantity was stored at a distance of 8 to 10 feet from the burners. That was such omission as amounted to insufficient guard against probable danger to human life.
All this was done in breach of the general and special conditions of the license given to the appellant for storage of turpentine, varnish, and paints, there is no doubt that the appellant knowingly, or at least negligently, failed to take such order with fire and the combustible matter as would be sufficient to guard against any probable danger to human life. In the circumstances, the Court was of opinion that the appellant has been rightly convicted under Section 285 of the Indian Penal Code.
Judgment
The Court observed that seven lives have been lost on account of the negligence of the appellant in this connection, the sentence of six months” rigorous imprisonment which is the maximum provided under Section 285, cannot be said to be harsh. The Court partially allowed the appeal and also set aside the sentence and conviction of the appellant under Section 304 A. But the appellant has to serve his remaining sentence under Section 285.
Conclusion
It can be concluded from the judgment and the facts of the case that the appellant was ignorant in doing the allowing the authorization of the act that caused the act. Though he was not totally liable for the accident therefore not convicting him under Section 304 A of Indian Penal Code was the right decision. The judgment given by the Supreme Court is justified in all ways. This case explained the concept of negligence in a broader sense. It explained that in which areas the liability for negligence arises.
[1] (1902) 4 Bom. L.R. 679
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